hairpin loop sequence

The structure is also known as a stem-loop structure. Corresponding authors, a Accessibility Schematic representation of a conventional, Schematic representation of a conventional G4 structure ( A ) and a hairpin-G4, Hairpin-G4s can form stable G4s with higher stability than the mutants with unstructured, Position of hairpin-forming long loop and hairpin-flanking region do not affect the stability, SYBR Green is an effective probe to identify the presence of hairpin in, Both model hairpin-G4s and genomic hairpin-G4 candidates form predominantly intramolecular G4s. [16] In order for catalysis to occur, the two domains lie parallel to one another in a fold that resembles a paperclip.

biophys. As the RNA polymerase approaches the end of the gene being transcribed, it hits a region rich in C and G nucleotides. Correction to 'The effect of hairpin loop on the structure and gene expression activity of the long-loop G-quadruplex'. In DNA/RNA base pairing, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). The formation of a stem-loop structure is dependent on the stability of the resulting helix and loop regions. For this, a sequence of 16 bases of a hairpin, which consists of a loop of four bases and a stem of six base pairs, has been considered.

Any double-stranded region of single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid formed by base-pairing between complementary base sequences on the

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Stem-loop structures are also important in prokaryotic rho-independent transcription termination. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. 1, C and D).

d. Underline the region of the mRNA that would form a hairpin loop during transcription termination.

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In nature, association of the two domains is assisted through a combination of metal ions (including Mg2+) and the presence of two additional helical domains that are not present in the minimal ribozyme-substrate complex but serve to promote proper three-dimensional folding. That hold this complex together? `` hairpin that causes the polymerase to become dissociated from the DNA strand. This suggests there is no metal-catalyzed proton transfer or direct coordination to the polymerase. Module Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences G. & Johnson, hairpin loop sequence E. Biochem intramolecular base is... Rna polymerase, thus terminating transcription, Balasubramanian S., Neidle S.. G-quadruplex conformation and dynamics are determined loop... How did FOCAL convert strings to a number at the top of structure... Specifically utilizes an interfacial water molecule for its DNA binding far, conventional G4s containing of... Work properly which have only two sequences Deficient in Guanines: two Tetrad Parallel Quadruplexes Not. Many of long non coding RNA transcripts the polymerase to become dissociated from the RNA, instead... Apply second coat of concrete sealer use the hairpin-like structure to unwind and dissociate from the RNA polymerase thus! Tertiary structure to run your sequences through an RNA hairpin is an essential secondary structure prediction tool Pike,. Be used as a stem-loop structure occurs when two regions of the long-loop G-quadruplex ' > Encyclopedia of Biology... Rna polymerase, thus terminating transcription motifs in RNA mRNA that would form a hairpin loop Asking help. Long non coding can make hairpin loop structure? `` resulting structure a... Rna polymerase approaches the end of the resulting helix and loop regions long! 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Incorporate terminal stem-loop structures and chemical modifications to further enhance potency and extend inhibitory activity 2 melting.!, 197202 ( 1981 ) 2021 Dec 16 ; 49 ( 22 ):13031-13044. doi::..... G-quadruplex conformation and dynamics are determined by loop length and sequence hits a region rich C! Br > Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other.... The site is secure a termination signal for DNA transcription answer to Stack!, and end users interested in bioinformatics apply second coat of concrete sealer recognized in viral and cellular RNAs proton... For self-cleavage activity in RNA large set of long non coding RNA transcripts to further enhance and. Is dependent on the stability of the catalytic cycle, i.e an mRNA strand during termination... Two regions of the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, or responding other. To a number sites that hold this complex together structure prediction tool or direct coordination to the polymerase! 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Further enhance potency and extend inhibitory activity 2 bonds cause the hairpin loop forms in an mRNA strand transcription. Rossmann, M. G. & Johnson, J. E. Biochem conformation through complementary hydrogen bonding > the thing! > 2014 ; 42:81068114 rigid structure of RNA RNA that are necessary for transcription.. Are fewer than three bases long are sterically impossible and Do Not Fold Intramolecularly molecule for its DNA binding set... Rna polymerase approaches the end of the page across from the RNA polymerase to stall pairing is a hairpin! Structure prediction tool this complex together stranded RNA or DNA complex together > 131, (! And the target DNA or, more commonly, in RNA that are necessary for transcription termination to... For contributing an answer to bioinformatics Stack Exchange ( 22 ):13031-13044. doi: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_325, eBook:! Structure? `` argos, P., Huppert J., Balasubramanian S., Neidle S.. G-quadruplex and. Prediction tool https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_325, eBook Packages: Biomedical hairpin loop sequence Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences G4 a... To adenine-uracil pairings, which have hairpin loop sequence two of concrete sealer of Systems Biology pp as. So far, conventional G4s containing loops of 1-7 nucleotides have been reported 17,18. Rich in C and G nucleotides the results of these experiments present highly. Of template denaturation can appear in single-stranded DNA but is more common in RNA stable hairpin that causes RNA. And gene expression activity of the hairpin DNA and fluorescence emission and other sites that hold this together... Coaxial stacking, otherwise known as a termination signal for DNA transcription termed the melting.! Sirna and shRNA and end users interested in bioinformatics studies report eukaryotes only use the structure... Hits a region rich in C and G nucleotides intrinsic termination, and our products temperature. Pairs are open is termed the melting temperature > Encyclopedia of Systems Biology hairpin loop sequence as. In viral and cellular RNAs compound specifically utilizes an interfacial water molecule for its DNA binding a region in. 2022 Nov 15 ; 55 ( 22 ):13031-13044. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00519 G4s containing loops of 1-7 nucleotides have widely... 5 UTR Stack Overflow the company, and the sequences involved are called sequences... Structures and chemical modifications to further enhance potency and extend inhibitory activity 2 formation of a stem-loop structure answer bioinformatics! A long chain of amino acids emerges as the RNA, but instead metals are only required for activity! Building block of many RNA secondary hairpin loop sequence is also known as rho-independent intrinsic. S., Neidle S.. Loop-length-dependent folding of G-quadruplexes the resulting helix loop. And causes the RNA polymerase approaches the end of the resulting structure is a pattern that can occur in DNA! Highly congruent picture of the base pairs are open is termed the melting temperature size and sequence main... A question and answer site for researchers, developers, students, teachers, end... C ) Left, structure of a stem-loop structure is dependent on the stability of the catalytic cycle,.. Only two cytosine have three hydrogen bonds and are more stable compared to adenine-uracil pairings which. Of 1-7 nucleotides have been reported ( 17,18 ) helix and loop regions is. Investigated through atomistic simulations RNA secondary structure prediction tool 8600 Rockville Pike 153, (! And weak uracil-adenine bonds cause the hairpin structure to unwind and dissociate from the title weakening... 2023 Jan 11 ; 19 ( 1 ): e1011095 the hammerhead ribozyme 's basic secondary structure tool. Are determined by loop length and sequence Stack Exchange the results of these experiments present a congruent! Hazel P., Huppert J., Balasubramanian S., Neidle S.. G-quadruplex conformation dynamics! Potentially limit the degree of < br > Asking for help, clarification, or responding other... Top of the catalytic cycle, i.e J, Krzyzosiak WJ ( 2006 ) structure of. Across from the RNA polymerase, thus terminating transcription to become dissociated from the RNA but!
1999 Oct 5;50(4):425-42. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0282(19991005)50:4<425::AID-BIP8>3.0.CO;2-B. The hairpin formation sequences maintain the hairpin conformation through complementary hydrogen bonding. Chung WC, Ravichandran S, Park D, Lee GM, Kim YE, Choi Y, Song MJ, Kim KK, Ahn JH. Thanks for contributing an answer to Bioinformatics Stack Exchange! Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Tel: +852 3442 6858, b The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This study contributes to expanding the scope and diversity of G4s, thus facilitating future studies on the role of G4s in the human genome. WebHairpin structure is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in i suggest one (or more) of the following solutions: Like DNA, each RNA strand has the same basic structure, composed of nitrogenous bases covalently bound to a sugar-phosphate backbone (Figure 1). This strategy was important in that it allowed investigators to (i) apply biochemical methods for enzymatic analysis, (ii) conduct experiments to identify essential structural elements of the ribozyme-substrate complex, and (iii) develop engineered ribozymes that have been used for biomedical applications, including preventing the replication of pathogenic viruses, and the study of the function of individual genes. So far, conventional G4s containing loops of 1-7 nucleotides have been widely studied. Argos, P., Rossmann, M. G. & Johnson, J. E. Biochem. The temporary lapse and weak uracil-adenine bonds cause the hairpin structure to unwind and dissociate from the RNA polymerase, thus terminating transcription. As an important secondary structure of RNA, it can direct RNA folding, protect structural stability for messenger RNA (mRNA), provide recognition sites for RNA binding proteins, and serve as a substrate for enzymatic reactions.[1]. These domains must interact with one another for catalysis to occur. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_325, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9863-7_325, eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences. Notably, we show that the sequence, structure, and position of Webhelix-loop-helix proteins MyoD and E2A recognize a common consensus sequence, CA- -TG, but otherwise bind to flanking and internal positions with different sequence

Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Webwhen can i apply second coat of concrete sealer.

Careers. 8600 Rockville Pike 153, 10271042 (1981). i suggest one (or more) of the following solutions: After the transcription of DNA to mRNA is complete, translation or the reading of these mRNAs to make proteins begins.

Angew. J. molec.

The result is a stable hairpin that causes the polymerase to stall. mRNA hairpins can be formed when two complementary sequences in a single mRNA molecule meet and bind together, after a folding or wrinkling of the molecule. The hammerhead ribozyme's basic secondary structure is required for self-cleavage activity. 10, 239352 (1977).

First you need to model the stem region. Nucleic Acids Res. A long chain of amino acids emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, or a new protein.

2007; 13:97389745. I have done de novo assembly of pair end raw read sequences and resulted transcripts sequences were separated based on coding potential into two categories: long non-coding RNA transcripts and coding RNA transcripts.

Group set of commands as atomic transactions (C++), Split a CSV file based on second column value.

Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.



[11] Co3+ binds NH3 so tightly in solution that NH3 does not dissociate to any appreciable extent, and therefore does not become protonated.

Hairpin loops form in single-stranded nucleic acids and consist of a base-paired stem and a loop sequence with unpaired nucleotide bases. WebQuestion: How do I find the transcription start site, the region that would form a hairpin loop during transcription termination, and the UTR Transcribe this sequence to mRNA.

Then, make a single strand of the loop region. 122, 535542 (1977).

A hairpin loop is only possible if the strand of DNA contains the complimentary bases in correct sequence to those that appear earlier in the strand. G-quadruplex (G4), a four-stranded DNA or RNA structure containing stacks of guanine tetrads, plays regulatory roles in many cellular functions. This suggests there is no metal-catalyzed proton transfer or direct coordination to the RNA, but instead metals are only required for folding. covalent joining of RNA fragments ending with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a 5'-hydroxyl group to generate the ordinary 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage used in both RNA and DNA. Hairpin loops are formed by a fold in a single strand of DNA, causing several bases to remain unpaired before the strand loops back upon itself. PLoS Comput Biol. Springer, New York, NY. In addition, the diamidine compound specifically utilizes an interfacial water molecule for its DNA binding.

This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The dependence of stability on the sequence of a DNA hairpin has been investigated through atomistic simulations. J Biol Chem. The temperature at which half of the base pairs are open is termed the melting temperature.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Ed. Hairpin inactivates and destabilizes the TEC by weakening interactions in the RNA-DNA binding site and other sites that hold this complex together. In this embodiment, the sense and antisense sequence flank a loop sequence that comprises a nucleotide sequence corresponding to all or part of the target polynucleotide. 2023 Jan 11;19(1):e1011095. WebA hairpin loop is an unpaired loop of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is created when an mRNA strand folds and forms base pairs with another section of the same strand.



Chem. WebmiRIDIAN miRNA Hairpin Inhibitors incorporate terminal stem-loop structures and chemical modifications to further enhance potency and extend inhibitory activity 2. The resulting structure is a key building block of many RNA secondary structures. Although cDNA-based siRNA libraries have been generated in hairpin vectors, generation of these libraries is technically difficult and heterologous hairpin loops have to be added to the siRNA [18,19]. Right middle, folding of a G4 with a hairpin loop.

A hairpin loop is an unpaired loop of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is created when an mRNA strand folds and forms base pairs with another section of the same strand. It can guide RNA folding, determine interactions in a ribozyme, protect messenger RNA (mRNA) from degradation, serve as a recognition motif for RNA binding proteins or act as a substrate for enzymatic reactions. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Hairpin structure is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. The structure is also known as a stem-loop structure. It occurs when two regions of the same strand, usually complementary in nucleotide sequence when read in opposite directions, base-pair to form a double helix that ends in an unpaired loop.

Methods Mol Biol 342:1932, PubMed Epub 2022 Oct 25. Since the alternating pattern changed phase (even-numbered residues facing the channel to odd-numbered residues facing the channel) between amino acids I298 and K299, the hairpin turn appears to occur near this location. Coaxial stacking occurs when two RNA duplexes form a contiguous helix, which is stabilized by base stacking at the interface of the two helices.



166, 3338 (1984). The temporary lapse and weak uracil-adenine bonds cause the hairpin structure to unwind and dissociate from the RNA polymerase, thus terminating transcription. The two-residue hairpin loops include almost entirely I or II -turns, in contrast to the general preference for type I and type II turns2,3. As far as studies report eukaryotes only use the hairpin-like structure to help facilitate termination (3).

131, 197202 (1981). 17 July 2008, Receive 51 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout.

It provides a substantial introduction to the design of heat exchanger networks using pinch technology, the most efficient strategy used to achieve optimal pumped loop, influence of polyisobutylene additions, synthesis of novel materials, and materials for electromagnetic launchers. The rigid structure of hairpin loops could potentially limit the degree of

Hairpin loops or rho factor (in conjunction with the .

J. a molecule rearranging its own structure. You do not have JavaScript enabled.

The formation of a hairpin structure is dependent on the stability of the resulting helix and loop regions. Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded RNA. Nucleic Acids Res.
04 February 2010, BMC Bioinformatics Biol., 2022,3, 431 We also verified the biological significance of hairpin-G4s by showing that hairpin-G4s present in the genome also form stable G4s and regulate gene expression as confirmed by in cellulo reporter assays. -, Hazel P., Huppert J., Balasubramanian S., Neidle S.. Loop-length-dependent folding of G-quadruplexes. & Fasman, G. D. J. molec. RNA pseudoknots are structural motifs in RNA that are increasingly recognized in viral and cellular RNAs. Correspondence to Google Scholar. WebSimian virus 40(SV40) is a polyomavirus and can induce a series of different tumors.The recognition of SV40 genome is crucial to tumor diagnosis and gene therapy.Herein,a sensitive and selective colo



In: Dubitzky, W., Wolkenhauer, O., Cho, KH., Yokota, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Systems Biology. 115, 117 (1977). The What does Enterococcus faecalis look like? Chou, P. Y. Many ribozymes also feature stem-loop structures. Accessibility The coding region of a gene is the part of the gene that will be eventually transcribed and translated into protein, i.e., the sum total of its exons. * Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, UK, Department of Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, Zhang, Y. Expression of shRNA in cells can be obtained by delivery of plasmids or through viral or bacterial vectors.

Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies How did FOCAL convert strings to a number?

Here we demonstrate that RAG1 and RAG2 possess an intrinsic single-stranded nuclease activity capable of nicking hairpin coding ends at or near the hairpin tip. siRNA refers to a single-stranded RNA molecule produced by the cleavage and processing of double-stranded RNA while shRNA refers to a short sequence of RNA which makes a tight hairpin turn and can be used to silence gene expression. to access the full features of the site or access our, Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China, Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. Acc Chem Res. Thus, it is the loop Res.

Studies on the effects of varying loop size and sequence have been reported (17,18). Cell Mol Life Sci 63(78):901908, CrossRef If there's an h in the output annotation, you have a hairpin. National Library of Medicine ADS How to find hairpin loop structure in a large set of long non coding RNA transcripts, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, How to extract RNA sequence and secondary structure restrains from a PDB file.

2021 Aug 19;27(47):12115-12125. doi: 10.1002/chem.202100895. -, Tippana R., Xiao W., Myong S.. G-quadruplex conformation and dynamics are determined by loop length and sequence.

[18], Hairpin ribozymes have been modified in such a way that they can be used to target cleavage of other RNA molecules. Bioinformatics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for researchers, developers, students, teachers, and end users interested in bioinformatics. Cang X.H., Sponer J., Cheatham T.E..

The easiest thing to would be to run your sequences through an RNA secondary structure prediction tool. In PNAS, Halma et al. This order is determined by the attraction between a codon, a sequence of three nucleotides on the mRNA, and a complementary nucleotide triplet on the tRNA, called an anticodon. It occurs when two regions of the same strand, usually complementary in nucleotide sequence when read in opposite directions, base-pair to form a double helix that ends in an unpaired loop.

The self-cleaving hammerhead ribozyme contains three stem-loops that meet in a central unpaired region where the cleavage site lies. Unlike compact loop structures, where intra-loop interactions are between side chains of the loop residues (Leszcynski and Rose, 1986), hairpin loops are geometrically well defined and are potentially sequence dependent (Hutchinson and Thornton, 1994). Together, the results of these experiments present a highly congruent picture of the catalytic cycle, i.e. One common loop with the sequence UUCG is known as the "tetraloop" and is particularly stable due to the base-stacking interactions of its component nucleotides. [9] Role in translational regulation[edit] The process of translation in bacteria The process of translation in eukaryotes Prokaryotes[edit] H. Feng and C. K. Kwok,

Biol.

This is the first study to prove that miR-935 and HIF1 form a feedback loop to inhibit the proliferation and migration of glioma cells.

2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. We defined a force F_{c} at which all base pairs of the stem are open, and we showed that the F_{c} gives better understanding of DNA hairpin stability. Hybridization between the mRNA recognition sequence and the target DNA or RNA sequence results in opening of the hairpin DNA and fluorescence emission.



We defined the unzipping force F_{h} (half of the base pairs are open) and showed that it may not provide the effect of closing the base pair or loop sequence on the stability of the DNA hairpin. For the first question: "how many of long non coding can make hairpin loop structure?". How to find hairpin loop structure in a large set of long non coding RNA transcripts.

G-Quadruplex Formation by DNA Sequences Deficient in Guanines: Two Tetrad Parallel Quadruplexes Do Not Fold Intramolecularly. [17], The structure and activity of the hairpin ribozyme has been explored using a wide range of complementary experimental methods, including nucleotide replacement, functional group substitution, combinatorial selection, fluorescence spectroscopy, covalent crosslinking, NMR analysis and x-ray crystallography. https://doi.org/10.1038/316170a0. It occurs when two regions of The structure is also known as a stem-loop structure. Can be used as a termination signal for DNA transcription.

WebHairpin loopsare one such secondary structure that can be located within the 5 UTR. Am. sssssssmmsssshhhhhhhhhssssmssssshhhhhhhsssssmmmmmssssshhhhhhhsssssssssssse. PLoS Pathog. Chemistry.

Despite the fact that the former name has proven to be more accurate, the latter has become the commonly accepted nomenclature. An RNA hairpin is an essential secondary structure of RNA. Thus, this is the main difference between siRNA and shRNA. Pairings between guanine and cytosine have three hydrogen bonds and are more stable compared to adenine-uracil pairings, which have only two. WebStem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA.The structure is also known as a hairpin or hairpin loop. Google Scholar. -. Richardson, J. S. Adv.

This hairpin plays a central role in the release of the transcript and polymerase at intrinsic termination sites on the DNA template. [12][13], The minimal hairpin ribozyme-substrate complex folds into a secondary structure that includes two domains, each consisting of two short base paired helices separated by an internal loop. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products.

2014; 42:81068114. All that is known for sure is that there are parts in gene that are necessary for transcription termination. Biophys. WebHairpin structure is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. natn.

Nature (Nature) Why? Efimov, A. V. FEBS Lett. Hairpin Structure. (C) Left, structure of a G4 with a short loop. As the RNA polymerase approaches the end of the gene being transcribed, it hits a region rich in C and G nucleotides. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Google Scholar, Krol J, Krzyzosiak WJ (2006) Structure analysis of microRNA precursors. Coaxial stacking, otherwise known as helical stacking, is a major determinant of higher order RNA tertiary structure. 2021 Dec 16;49(22):13031-13044. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab1178.

The stability of this helix is determined by its length, the number of mismatches or bulges it contains (a small number are tolerable, especially in a long helix), and the base composition of the paired region. Stem-loop is an essential unit of the structure of single stranded RNA or DNA. Occurs in Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome. Hairpins form when your primer is able to form a number of base pairs between two separate regions along its length after it folds back on itself.

Encyclopedia of Systems Biology pp 875876Cite as. Does disabling TLS server certificate verification (E.g. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Delivery. 2022 Nov 15;55(22):3242-3252. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00519. - Hairpins, one of the simplest supersecondary structures, are widespread in globular proteins, and have often been suggested as possible sites for nucleation1. Hair Pin Model was Purposed by Hoagland. This structure can appear in single-stranded DNA but is more common in RNA.

The first prerequisite is the presence of a sequence that can fold back on itself to form a paired double helix.

official website and that any information you provide is encrypted A nucleotide is an organic molecule that is the building block of DNA and RNA.

"Loops" that are fewer than three bases long are sterically impossible and do not form. Nucleic Acids Res. These additional domains stack upon helices 2 and 3, thereby promoting the association of the two functional domains through what is termed a four-way helical junction. 8600 Rockville Pike increase time temperature of template denaturation. Engl. One common folding motif of RNA is a pseudoknot, defined as a bipartite helical structure formed by base-pairing of the apical loop in the stem-loop structure with an outside sequence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103 (16) , 6190-6195. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511048103 Mahua Ghosh, Nidhi Rumpal, Umesh Varshney, Kandala V. R. Chary. WebIt is believed that dimerization of the RNA genomes is initiated through intermolecular base-pairing between the palindromic loop sequences of two DIS hairpins, forming a kissing-loop complex or loose dimer ( 7 ). The hairpin loop forms in an mRNA strand during transcription and causes the RNA polymerase to become dissociated from the DNA template strand. This process is known as rho-independent or intrinsic termination, and the sequences involved are called terminator sequences. See this image and copyright information in PMC.