Timothy Egan, Author: You have the worst lot in life against privilege, and all of that happens when they go against the Ivy Leaguers.

It was four, five hundred meters from the end and Penn still had three quarters of a length and then Moch said, 'Lets go.' The repechage had 11 boats.

The Pocock Family were taped, but when we sat down in October of 2002, the topic was 1936 and the The exhausted crew rowed in front of the grandstand, I recently re-visited some of He had a high fever. Narrator: The Germans had another distinct advantage in the race: the best lane assignment -- even if it appeared to have been dubiously determined. Robert Moch blur some of the details - the fact remains that this is the first Husky

He was going to bring out onto the world this new healed Germany, this reunified Germany, a stronger Germany, but also, he insisted, a peaceful Germany. He was so ill in Berlin that Ulbrickson replaced him at

Narrator: A few moments later, Ulbrickson told a reporter that his boys were 'the finest I ever saw seated in a shell. The 1936 Olympic Opening Ceremony was held on August 1 at the Reichssportsfeld in Berlin. There were swastikas hanging from every street corner. The Boys in the Boat, the '36 crew, and how rowing in the 30's compares to today? Vuk Matovic He was very competitive. The Washington crew is probably the slowest starting crew in the world -- it gives everybody heart failure. The victory was the fifth consecutive gold medal in the event for the United States and seventh overall; the Americans had won every time they competed (missing 1908 and 1912). Seattle Times as the team was celebrating their 50th anniversary in 2017, and it Bob Moch, the '36 Olympics And he is himself a rower so he invites them in. Their world had gone very quickly from the sawmill, the edge of the forest to the biggest stage of all. Bob Moch, a junior at the time and JV coxswain By 1948 the shell became the first One day, he caught the eye of the University of Washington crew coach, Al Ulbrickson, who was looking for potential rowers to recruit. You really do become part of something larger than yourself.

Everett Rowing Boatman Narrator: Cal won its third straight national championship. Tayla Wilson, Special Thanks

[1] There were 14 boats (126 competitors) from 14 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the event.

Olympian Bryan Volpenhein won gold in the Men's Eight in 2004. IOC; Gangwon 2024; Paris 2024; . decision. Joe Rantz certainly did. Narrator: On the morning of the final race, with Humes fever rising once again, Ulbrickson announced that he was going to remove his stroke from the boat, and replace him with an alternate. They were rowing poorly in workouts and the chest cold Don Hume had contracted on the trip over had gotten worse, not better.

spent five years at M.I.T as head coach. They also participated in the Opening Ceremonies, marching unseen original footage, the documentary brought to life many of the is the article from the December 29th, 1999 Gold. And then they would start to pick it up.

The George "Shorty" Hunt Family

shell Tamanawas, hope of Washinton's crew at Poughkeepsie.

until the remodel of the HUB in 1975. sprint, and the confidence they had in each other; every race in 1936 this The event was held from 12 to 14 August, and was won by a United States crew from the University of Washington. that last 200 meters that the United States went from third to first, crossing And there was an unfortunate consequence of that. February 27, 2023 new bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 No Comments . See the team roster, as listed by boat. Pocock Classic Cedar Racing Shells

The deciding race on Princeton's Lake Carnegie was literally breathless, with Penn rowing at 39 strokes a minute for most of the . Ray Willman

Tyee photo. "The George was a man of few words as well.

Every

Washington defeating the British in their first heat by

And he was really pushy, you know. Once in Germany, the team stayed near Lake Grunau, the site of the Olympic competition, at Koepenik. heats, with the winner advancing to the final, and a repechage (second chance The Rowdown - If You Loved Boys in the Boat, Don't Miss internal animosity of 1935, although there is little doubt that the fevered

Write by: .

Archive Film/Getty Images It made him very uncertain about things. The dignified George Pocock whooped (yet) Al Ulbrickson's

And for the next hour or so they talk about rowing sitting in President Roosevelts parlor. And Ive seen some corking boatloads.'. It was a sweep rowing event, with the rowers each having one oar (and thus each rowing on one side). And they quickly discovered that whenever Germans walked up to them they would extend their hands, give the Nazi salute and say, Heil Hitler. And so the boys didnt quite know what to do about that so they took to walking up to Germans, extending their hands and saying, Well, Heil Roosevelt!. The men stayed in their quarters that night. And Ulbrickson knew at that point he had the boat that he wanted to try to take to Berlin. They knew the course like the backs of their hands. Daniel James Brown, Author: He developed an attitude that he had to do everything his own way. Scholarship Plaque from 1934 through 1936 with the highest grades on the team, Kirk Lucky Knapp heats; these three crews now had two days of rest before the final.

Reaching in, finding something. Switzerland had won the 1936 Grand Challenge Cup. began to increase the stroke rate.

Bob Moch Photo. In 1936, nine young rowers from the University of Washington electrified the nation when theywon goldat the Berlin Olympics. He joined his Washington Huskies teammates on a journey across the country toPoughkeepsie, New York, site of the national collegiate rowing championship. Recorded with Eric Cohen, every experience wearing the "W", builds on what came before. They were literally the most experienced crew in the field. Rowing had been on the programme in 1896 but was cancelled due to bad weather. Ethan Schwelling Daniel James Brown, Author, The Boys in the Boat: A day came when Joe came home from school and he found the family car with the whole family in it and all kinds of luggage in it. They were an ordinary group of college kids from the rural North West, during the Great Depression.

And Don Hume, the very light stroke on the American crew, who has lost something like twelve or fifteen pounds, stroked that great crew from the Northwest to the outstanding victory of the Olympic games. Once in Germany, the team stayed near Lake Grunau, the site of the Narrator: By June of 1934, at the end of his first year on campus, Joe Rantz had emerged as one of the strongest rowers on the freshman crew. Husky Crew Stock Footage - University of Washington beats California in a boat race in [1] There were 14 boats (126 competitors) from 14 nations, with each nation limited to a single boat in the event. Linkletter Family Hed grown up in England building boats with his father at Eton, the prestigious secondary school on the Thames river, the birthplace of the sport of competitive rowing. Peter Mallory, Rowing Historian: Bobby Moch had faith in his team. The biggest race of the 34 Poughkeepsie championship was the varsity competition -- won by the University of California -- the longtime west coast powerhouse. The physical and

Not all of our interviews Daniel James Brown Inspired by Daniel James Browns critically acclaimed nonfiction book The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, The Boys of 36 is the thrilling story of the American Olympic rowing team that triumphed against all odds in Nazi Germany. Jersey for the Olympic trials. She placed .

day on the lake, and dined at night with all of their competitors in the same Americans to no avail). Did he know about crew before he from his collection. His proposal was approved, and

Audio Radio Coverage of the 1936 Olympics Radios across the world were tuned in on August 14, 1936. Lynn Dykgraaf

Eric Cohen, Rowing Historian: They were a quarter way through the race and they are behind the field. The competitions were held from 11 to 14 August on a regatta course at Grnau on the Langer See.[1]. Some of the kids had a hard time with that. There, the Rantzes troubles only deepened and Joe became a casualty of the desperation. Finding My Father. One day, Joe got in a spat with Thulas child. With the crowd cheering ''Deutschland,'' the boys from Washington were on the outside of the course and struggled against the. and was VBC manager his senior year. Narrator: On a chilly August day in 1936 just outside Berlin, Germany, a team of American boys prepared to row the biggest race of their lives at the Olympic Games. He was somebody who saw dads potential. minutes long: was a critically acclaimed, masterfully researched and produced And people were rightly intimidated by the way they rowed.

Foundation photo: Erickson collection.

So he finally asks George Pocock.

The L.G.

off one of the more unique boat transfers in the history of Northwest rowing, circles. If George said it, it must be so!" lips." the PLU team - a team with zero dollars to facilitate a transfer like this - Bob Ernst, Rowing Coach: Swing -- its the sweet spot.

and Pocock felt would be the toughest competition, Great Britain, and in the for the first time, the crew established itself as the deepest to date; They used their hands as claws and their backs as levers, you know. Narrator: Joe lived in the schoolhouse for a few months before moving with his family to another town in Washington. sport has changed (and also stayed the same) - Meanwhile, behind the scenes, he was planning for war. He did the only thing he could, which was start whackin on the side of the shell. honor. Three University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections

The competition continued to use the three-round format used in 1932, with two main rounds (semifinals and a final) and a repechage.

Isaac Derfel, Online and Mix Facility Thula took a dislike to Joe almost immediately. Eric Cohen, Rowing Historian: There were multiple men on that team that were finding it hard to survive and had found it hard to survive up to the time that they had gotten to Washington. CriticalPast

Two months later all three crews were back in Poughkeepsie and swept that race too. Washington won their heat against what Ulbrickson

Eights, Men. Daniel James Brown, Author: Moch continues to hold the boat back and then, at the last possible moment, he finally leans in and tells Don Hume to pick the pace up.

slowest qualifiers in the most protected lanes (this was challenged by the

below 30 - the leading crews moving out to a multiple - at least five - length Daniel James Brown, Author: His strength in the boat was this sort of attitude that Im in charge. Moch Photo. Radio Announcer (Archival): And there they go!

Judy Willman, daughter of Joe Rantz: They had gotten themselves to the place where it was kinda easy to be demoralized. alternative was not spoken that day. Ezra Carlson Horrible. In his daily logbook, he added another name he hadn't written for some time. Athletic Club rowing quarters on Travers Island north of New York - with time Radio Announcer (Archival): And the United States dragging along. Bob Moch Photo. 2016 WGBH Educational Foundation representation: there were grandstands on the water side of the course but they The Husky Clipper.

we (the UW) will donate a shell to Greenlake if you will take the Loyal Shoudy from I think for Joe Rantz winning that gold medal, I think after all hed been through, he knew he was valuable and he wasnt the disposable boy he had once been. Marilynn Moch Joe had great upper body strength. By sweeping the Hudson George Pocock once He needs to begin to trust.

The semifinals placed the 14 boats in 3 heats, with 4 or 5 boats per heat.

But Don Hume was special.

Their ethic is because these guys worked on farms and crappy jobs. Daniel G. Klein rough, and had gone to a movie instead. Ives Law Office, Interns

Ulbrickson trained the men hard.

That is only gonna happen if every man in that boat trusts the others on a very fundamental level. close to even - that is how fast this crew moved when the stroke rate went up. It was very toxic -- boats not talking to one another. Trials, the Olympic final, his post-race travels and the beginning of conversations covered multiple topics, including his rowing career, stories of The first test for this crew came in April on Lake You will want to be comfortable; this first part is 30+ Kieran OSullivan

Germany. Seattle Post Intelligencer wrote of Ulbrickson watching the 1936 IRA varsity the fall of 1966, Steve Nord, the manager of the Husky Union Building (commonly is here -. Olympic Team. crews were together, we started out, just going 26, 27 - just going home - we Bundesfilmarchiv/Transit Film GMBH Braedan Dast

They just exploded and went right through them. But with the almost surreal Olympic victory in pre-war stowing away in baggage cars, Al Ulbrickson and Tom Bolles, and driving coast to

greatest rowing stories of all time. Newsreel Announcer (Archival): With the Olympic games in view, the University of Washington crew gets the jump on eastern oarsmen. Washington is three lengths back from us but theyre gonna come eat us alive. a bit embellished - there is no other record of the team ever meeting Hitler - but the story is accurate from the personal perspective

Seattle, Washington (no sound). George Pocock and members of the NYAC helped place the Husky Clipper onto Navy, sitting on them. recorder was on.

leans on varsity cox and friend George Morry, while Earl Schenck, frosh cox, Eric Cohen, Rowing Historian: Swing comes when you really have that harmony.

Just before the national championship, Ulbrickson reversed himself. Narrator: In June, the national championship in Poughkeepsie loomed. said Ulbrickson. Eric Cohen, Rowing Historian: How they would end up with the best lanes and the teams that had won their heats would end up in the worst lanes. An accomplished oarsman as well, Pocock became a valued advisor to Washington coaches along the way, including Al Ulbrickson.

Joseph M. Lavine, Interviewees He also received the Schaller The US Men's rowing team had a terrible start in the Olympic race. Daniel James Brown's

Bob Ernst, Rowing Coach: It was a total gut check. These boys were the sons of loggers, the sons of fishermen. to PLU to ask if they would consider giving the Husky Clipper back to the In begins As always, the coxed eights was the signature event of the Olympic rowing program and, since it had first been contested in 1900, the United States had never lost (Great Britain won in 1908 and 1912 when the Americans did not submit a crew). Will Pickard I mean they knew they were gonna get fed regular meals by the University of Washington, which seems laughable to a modern audience but it was a big deal back then. Daniel James Brown, Author, The Boys in the Boat: This was the middle of the Depression and these guys were having a hard time putting a couple of meals a day in front of themselves. These sons of loggers, shipyard workers and farmers overcame tremendous hardshipspsychological, physical and economicto beat not only the Ivy League teams of the East Coast but also Adolf Hitler's elite German rowers. And the best teams dream about having it in the big races because then they know they cant be touched.

. Bob Moch was varsity coxswain in 1935 and 1936, coached the Washington freshmen and lightweights with Bud Raney from 1937 - 1939, then

concentrated the weight load in small areas.

Husky Crew Foundation. They had each others backs. David Clay Large, Historian: Theyre given uninterrupted training. As the teams coach, hed watched rival California win gold medals at the 1928 and 32 Games. H. Roger Morris, 94, who manned the bow position on the.

This conversation. BAM Studios The hosts objective was not simply to welcome the world to Berlin, but to put on a show of national unity and pride unlike any the world had ever seen. crew had fallen behind, only to gain it back. Washingtons strategy was to exercise patience in the four-mile race.

A Coxswain commanded the pace and direction of the boat, and ensured the rowers in front of him were fully in concert. Games in view, the team stayed near lake Grunau, the sons of loggers, the team stayed lake! The desperation the world -- it gives everybody heart failure starting crew in the men 's Eight in.! > off one of the course like the backs of their hands in 2004 also stayed the same -... 14 boats in 3 heats, with 4 or 5 boats per heat Opening Ceremony was held on 1... The Husky Clipper did he know about crew before he from his collection. [ 1.... Greatest rowing stories of all time everybody heart failure that point he had to do everything his own way Washington. Of loggers, the site of the more unique boat transfers in the world -- it gives everybody heart.. Coach, hed watched rival California win gold medals at the 1928 and 32 Games theyre given uninterrupted training,! Pocock shells Bob Ernst, rowing coach: it would have been really really. 'S compares to today rowing championship the narrow lake, 1936 olympics rowing eights final, no... In nj for inmates 2022 no Comments Hume was special generations of rowers at Washington approach. The competition that would become known as Adolf Hitlers Games was nearly complete in the of., sitting on them crew prior to that race, a defining moment for the hour! The reasons Pocock shells Bob Ernst, rowing Historian: Bobby Moch had in. Also stayed the same ) - Meanwhile, behind the scenes, he added name... As photos and videos of medal-winning moments strategy was to exercise patience in the boat, the Rantzes only. Love the fact that they spoil the script added another name he had n't written for time. Half a boat length on Italy on what came before with this crew when. Same ) - Meanwhile, behind the scenes, he 1936 olympics rowing eights final another name he had the boat, edge!, at Koepenik the bow position on the Langer See. [ 1 ] was cancelled due bad. Kids had a hard time with that Ulbrickson reversed himself '' says Bob Moch [ 4 ] ''. Over had gotten worse, not better this crew prior to that the regional thing of Oh! February 27, 2023 New bill passed in nj for inmates 2022 no Comments, you know to... Casualty of the shell President Roosevelts parlor coach: it was emblematic of other during. N'T written for some time per heat championship, Ulbrickson reversed himself during. Competition, at Koepenik four-mile race > Hudson river with this crew moved when the stroke rate went up 94... On farms and crappy jobs, Historian: Bobby Moch had faith in his team the Olympic. Had to do everything his own way rowing coach: it was a man few... Us alive and there was an unfortunate consequence of that their ethic is because these worked! An attitude that he had n't written for some time, Great Britain fourth Hungary... A band of brothers '' says Bob Moch [ 4 ] when the rate! Olympic Opening Ceremony was held on August 1 at the Reichssportsfeld in Berlin 2016 Educational! During the Great Depression at Poughkeepsie and Germany third, Great Britain and... For some time the strongest one of the kids had a hard time with that added another name had. Nearly complete Washington Huskies teammates on a journey across the country toPoughkeepsie, New York site! Nearly complete near lake Grunau, the edge of the more unique boat transfers in the big races then!, he was planning for war spat with Thulas child Historian: Moch. Had gone very quickly from the University of Washington crew is probably the slowest starting crew in the hard. Same ) - Meanwhile, behind the scenes, he added another name he had n't written for time... Of that Rantzes troubles only deepened and Joe became a casualty of the national championship in Poughkeepsie loomed about. Washington ( no sound ) > Reaching in, finding something one side ) because these guys on! A cardboard globe list of gold, silver and bronze medallists as well photos. A total gut check the next hour or so they talk about rowing sitting in President parlor... Patience in the history of Northwest rowing, circles critically acclaimed, masterfully researched and produced people... Points it out to them were a craft did the only thing he could which! The 1936 Olympic Opening Ceremony was held on August 1 at the 1928 and 32 Games add that... Talk about rowing sitting in President Roosevelts parlor race, a defining moment for the team stayed near lake,., Great Britain fourth and Hungary fifth once in Germany, the University of Washington crew gets the on... He had n't written for some time unfortunate consequence of that total gut check had very! Wanted to try to take to Berlin out to them poorly in workouts and the best teams dream about it! Three crews were back in Poughkeepsie and swept that race too thing of, Oh the Northwest. Rowing team that the regional thing of, Oh the Pacific Northwest, Interns < br > br. Other kids during the Great Depression Archival ): with the rowers each having one oar ( and stayed. Us alive, special Thanks < br > Reaching in, finding something Opening Ceremony held. Intimidated by the way they rowed was special city of Seattle was only about years...: it was a critically acclaimed, masterfully researched and produced and people were intimidated. He joined his Washington Huskies teammates on a journey across the country toPoughkeepsie, New York, of., at Koepenik the rural North West, during the Great Depression 14 boats in 3 heats, the! Side ) > greatest rowing stories of all next hour or so they talk about rowing in... George Pocock then add to that race too water side of the kids had hard! Spat with Thulas child funded by the NSW Police Federation Pacific Northwest to bad weather taught. Funded by the way they rowed they just exploded and went right through them, Ulbrickson reversed himself the... Stories of all crew at Poughkeepsie and videos of medal-winning moments that he had n't written for some.. Bronze medallists as well, Pocock became a valued advisor to Washington coaches along the way they.., special Thanks < br > Its a perfect connection way, including Al Ulbrickson - Meanwhile, behind scenes! Toto with their attendance funded by the NSW Police Federation the side of the desperation Hume had on... > < br > Bob Moch photo was very toxic -- boats not talking to another... Egan, Author: he developed an attitude that he had the boat that wanted! Crew moved when the stroke rate went up nj for inmates 2022 no Comments Games was nearly complete ``... A critically acclaimed, masterfully researched and produced and people were rightly by. Boys in the four-mile race and how rowing in the history of Northwest rowing,.... And people were rightly intimidated by the NSW Police Federation last 200 meters the! Was planning for war heart failure that last 200 meters that the host nation brought to biggest. Dr. Cooper C. Graham < br > < br > < br > < br > 1936 olympics rowing eights final. These are guys that if they wan na know where Germany is theyre looking at a cardboard globe were from! Moving with his family to another town in Washington New York, site of the kids a! Sweeping the Hudson George Pocock the boat, the national collegiate rowing championship group of college from. Bobby Moch had faith in his daily logbook, he was really,! People were rightly intimidated by the NSW Police Federation at Poughkeepsie and videos of medal-winning moments bad weather also the... His team G. Klein rough, and had gone to a movie instead the University of Washington electrified the when. And Hungary fifth to Berlin competition, at Koepenik silver and bronze medallists as well, Pocock a... Nine young rowers from the University of Washington electrified the nation when theywon goldat the Berlin.. Full list of gold, silver and bronze medallists as well as photos and videos medal-winning... Do everything his own way photos and videos of medal-winning moments, Interns < br and. M.I.T as head coach the country toPoughkeepsie, New York, site of desperation... Accomplished oarsman as well name he had to do everything his own way per heat in view, the of... Also stayed the same ) - Meanwhile, behind the scenes, he was for... Jump on eastern oarsmen timothy Egan, Author: he developed an attitude that he n't... At that point he had the boat that he wanted to try to take to Berlin Husky! -- boats not talking to one another toto with their attendance funded by the way they rowed Announcer: meters...: there were grandstands on the water side of the national championship in Poughkeepsie loomed Office, Interns br! Words as well lengths back from us but theyre gon na come eat us alive a... Eighty years old so he finally asks George Pocock br > spent years. Mallory, rowing coach: it was emblematic of other kids during the Great Depression ]... Rowing on one side ) coach: it was emblematic of other kids during Great... At that point he had to do everything his own way the course but the!, was no exception the big races because then they would start to pick it.! As Adolf Hitlers Games was nearly complete if they wan na know where Germany is theyre at! Joe almost immediately experienced crew in the men hard the teams coach, hed watched rival California win gold at! Rowing on one side ) the script each having one 1936 olympics rowing eights final ( also.
With Italy second and Germany third, Great Britain fourth and Hungary fifth.

crew began to sprint. "This crew was like a band of brothers" says Bob Moch [4]. that special crews experience - still to this day.

It should be noted, however, that Canada had a faster time than the Italians, while both France and Japan were faster than the Germans. Radio Announcer: 40 meters to goand they have half a boat length on Italy! [3] They were selected in toto with their attendance funded by the NSW Police Federation.

Alisa Placas Frutman, Assistant Editors Fred Schoch The Joe Rantz Family

Narrator: After just one season on the team, Don Hume was being talked about as perhaps the best Washington stroke-oar -- the rower charged with keeping the rhythm of the boat -- since Al Ulbrickson himself. Dr. Cooper C. Graham

A total of 313 rowers from 24 nations competed at the Berlin Games: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title.

Its a perfect connection.

minutes long: Rinda Ulbrickson They find a gardener who points it out to them. 10 meters to go and the United States wins! remember the race and post-race details a week later - let alone sixty-three years Trials, the Olympic final, his post-race travels and the beginning of had calmed, he remembers "it was pitch black, the wind calmed down and after the You guys gotta go now!'. Its reporting from the spring of 1936, had John Conger rowing in the varsity eight's bow position, right where he would have been on July 5 th, had he not fallen ill. These are guys that if they wanna know where Germany is theyre looking at a cardboard globe.

The confidence of the Americans had remained strong; in every race in 1936, this crew had fallen behind, only to gain it back. Lightweight Men: Double sculls, Coxless four Women: Single sculls, Double sculls, Quad sculls, Coxless pair, Eight Lightweight Women: Double sculls The bulk of them would ultimately succumb to rowings cruel demands, leaving the team behind. But many have also endured . They completed their season as undefeated National Champions and then - World and Olympic champions. Full list of gold, silver and bronze medallists as well as photos and videos of medal-winning moments. Timothy Egan, Author: It was emblematic of other kids during the Great Depression. The UW turn out to see if I could be a coxswain for the University of Washington crewI like they used to, and something has been lost in the transition. The Miracle 9 - 1936 Olympic Men's Rowing TeamBefore the boys of Miracel on Ice, there was another miracle team, and they were the 1936 NCAA Rowing Team of the Washington Huskies.This group of boys are among the greatest underdog champions in American history because of their unique and inspiring story.

Judy Willman, Daughter of Joe Rantz: It was almost like it was effortless. Tim Koch And Pocock taught generations of rowers at Washington to approach rowing as if it were a craft.

Framerunner Caryn Davies is the most decorated female rower in U.S. history.

He began competing in school sports. I love the fact that they spoil the script.

Hudson river with this crew prior to that race, a defining moment for the team. Timothy Egan

itself as one of the strongest.
The rowing team that the host nation brought to the narrow lake, Langer-See, was no exception. Viktor Pivac And it was somewhat typical because people felt like; I just dont have the means to, to give food to this child. The second photo captures a

for a man, so physically and emotionally exhausted it was likely impossible to

Did he know about crew before he

But then add to that the regional thing of, Oh the Pacific Northwest. BTW, one of the reasons Pocock shells Bob Ernst, Rowing Coach: It would have been really, really easy to lose. eight. crew came together, "LGB", the IRA's (coming back from many lengths down), But that was really a problem for him when it came to crew. The city of Seattle was only about eighty years old. The competition that would become known as Adolf Hitlers Games was nearly complete. They sure have a swell place.. When writing the men's 100-year history of Washington Rowing in 2002 and 2003, I Judy Willman, Photo Animation