WebPolyurethane is a material that can be found in many products that we use in our daily lives. Plant Physiol. This polymer was first synthesized by J. Paul Hogan and Robert L. Banks in 1951 with propylene as the monomer (Stinson, 1987). Sci. Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and phenol formaldehyde.

In 2019, Enterobacter sp. Sci. Math. Synthetic plastics are pivotal in our current lifestyle and therefore, its accumulation is a major concern for environment and human health. (2018a). The SAC removal in real water matrices by UV/PS treatment was still relatively efficient. (Tanzi et al., 1991) degraded various commercial polyurethanes used in the cardiovascular field among them Cardiothane 51, Pellethane 2363 80A, Estane 5714 Fl, Estane 58810 and Biomer.

Sci. Abiotic and biotic degradation of oxo-biodegradable foamed polystyrene. Microorganisms capable of recalcitrant petro-plastics degradation. (2019).

Comma separated, type existing tags. Stab. Brussels: Plastics Europe.

Stab. Stab. Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of waste petro-plastics is a promising strategy for depolymerization of waste petro-plastics into polymer monomers for recycling, or to covert waste plastics into higher value bioproducts, such as biodegradable polymers via mineralization. Figure 1. PET-based plastics possess a high degree of crystallinity (3050%), which is one of the principal reasons for their low rate of microbial degradation, which is projected to take more than 50 years for complete degraded in the natural environment, and hundreds of years if discarded into the oceans, due to their lower temperature and oxygen availability. Oxidation of aliphatic glycols by acetic acid bacteria. Environ. Part Polymers are large molecules having both regular crystals (crystalline region) and irregular groups (amorphous region), where the latter provides polymers with flexibility. Stab. Acta 1647, 98102.

Many studies were conducted on the esterase-activities in the microbial degradation of polyester-polyurethane (Akutsu et al., 1998; Rowe and Howard, 2002). Degradation of alkanes by bacteria. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.12.014, Ribitsch, D., Herrero Acero, E., Greimel, K., Dellacher, A., Zitzenbacher, S., Marold, A., et al. Mater.

Degrad. PET is used in a wide-variety of applications, such as in manufacturing bottles, containers, textile fibers, and films. Biodegradation of ethylene glycol by a salt-requiring bacterium. 11, 24772490. Blending of the plastics with certain types of natural polymers, such as starch, has been shown to increase their biodegradation (Otake et al., 1995; Zheng et al., 2005; Ammala et al., 2011; Karimi and Biria, 2019). 86, 8795. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030, Arias, S., Olivera, E. R., Arcos, M., Naharro, G., and Luengo, J. M. (2008). (2008). B 287:20200112. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0112, Chen, S., Su, L., Chen, J., and Wu, J. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-1234-9, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Akutsu, Y., Nakajima-Kambe, T., Nomura, N., and Nakahara, T. (1998). However, some progress in identifying the types of enzymes involve in petro-polymer degradation has been made. Microbiol. It is suggested that the build-up of hydrophilic groups in the coating during coating degradation promoted water absorption into the coating system, then the alternating dry and wet environment caused the formation of osmotic cells and thus blisters on the coating surfaces. (2004). 65, 97104. Utilization of alcohols by Hansenula miso. Adv. 48, 197207. Natl. Int. 25, 243250. 65, 22652270. doi: 10.1002/app.1995.070561309, Owen, E. D. (1976). Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. NSERC Discovery grants are operating grants that enable academic researcher to pursue lead-edge research and include a small allocation of funds of publication of research results in international, peer-reviewed journals. Int. doi: 10.1021/es201811s, Brueckner, T., Eberl, A., Heumann, S., Rabe, M., and Guebitz, G. M. (2008). Baker, P. J., Poultney, C., Liu, Z., Gross, R. A., and Montclare, J. K. (2012).

Chemosphere 184, 366374. There are many different types of esterase, which differ in their protein structure, substrate specificity, and biological functions. Figure 7 shows the selected enzymes from different microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing petro-polymers and synthetic polyesters.

Efficient biodegradation of polyethylene (HDPE) waste by the plastic-eating lesser waxworm (Achroia grisella). Biodegrad. (1993). strain NyZ451. Res.

Microplastic pollution, a threat to marine ecosystem and human health: a short review. In P. putida strain JM37, the activity of two additional pathways, namely, Gcl and GlcB, leads to rapid metabolism of EG without accumulation of the intermediates and/or oxalic acid (Muckschel et al., 2012). Low-density polyethylene is the most abundant plastic waste discarded in landfills in the form of plastic bags (69.13%). Biotechnological conversion of PET through pyrolysis and conversion to polyhydroxyalkanoate has been demonstrated using different Pseudomonads (Ward et al., 2006; Kenny et al., 2008; Guzik et al., 2014). (2004).
(2020). 10:489. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00489, Yang, J., Yang, Y., Wu, W. M., Zhao, J., and Jiang, L. (2014). doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1157, Bhatia, S. K., Gurav, R., Choi, T. R., Jung, H. R., Yang, S. Y., Moon, Y. M., et al.

doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2635-y, Blank, L. M., Ionidis, G., Ebert, B. E., Bhler, B., and Schmid, A. Biotechnol. Degradation of different polystyrene/thermoplastic starch blends buried in soil. doi: 10.1021/ma9005318, Roth, C., Wei, R., Oeser, T., Then, J., Foellner, C., Zimmermann, W., et al. Microorganisms capable of hydrolyzing PE have been isolated from soil, sea water, compost and activated sludge (Montazer et al., 2020a). Environ. 88, 8390. A range of stabilizers, including both organic and inorganic additives for better stability against different types of degradation, are discussed, with a focus on their efficacy and mechanisms of action. (Bonhomme et al., 2003; Gilan et al., 2004; Fontanella et al., 2010), and Pseudomonas spp. It has been generally Biodegradation of polystyrene by Pseudomonas sp. J. Microbiol. (2014). These limitations include: (i) the need to sustain insect cultures to produce the larvae that feed on PE; (ii) the potentially high cost of maintaining these cultures; and (iii) generation of microplastics that may contribute to environmental problems, due to incomplete degradation and lack of mineralization Instead, finding new isolates of bacteria and/or fungi with the ability to degrade PE, and understanding the exact mechanisms of biodegradation pathways, may be more efficient in developing of new methods of PE waste management (Billen et al., 2020; Montazer et al., 2020b).

(2017). 198:33. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00407-7, Mller, R.-J., Schrader, H., Profe, J., Dresler, K., and Deckwer, W.-D. (2005). 31, 161170. IOSR J. Environ.

Microbiol. (2019b).

Polym. Degrad. (2018) used Markov Model-based search strategy to show that a surprisingly large variety of potential polyesterases still needs to be discovered particularly in bacteria, which are currently not considered as a prime source for cutinases (Danso et al., 2018). Styrene catabolism involves the oxidation of styrene to form phenylacetate, which is then converted via the TCA cycle (Di Gennaro et al., 1999). Polymers 5, 118. Microbial degradation of polyurethane, polyester polyurethanes and polyether polyurethanes.

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They are lightweight and have very stable chemical and physical properties, which makes them highly durable. Glycolic acid production using ethylene glycol-oxidizing microorganisms. The general mechanism for biological degradation of plastics under aerobic conditions. Abrusci, C., Pablos, J. L., Marn, I., Esp, E., Corrales, T., and Catalina, F. (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.015, Islam, S., Apitius, L., Jakob, F., and Schwaneberg, U. Effect of compatibiliser on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends. Role of gut microorganisms. Microbial degradation of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), an e-plastic with decabromodiphenyl oxide and antimony trioxide.

Biodegrad. are intended for guidance in a polymer selection process and should not be considered (2019) reported the biofragmentation and bioassimilation of LDPE into biomass by the bacterial species, Pseudomonas putida IRN22, P. putida LS46, Acinetobacter pittii IRN19, and Micrococcus luteus IRN20.

Technol. Cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). 114, 202208.